Astaxanthin mediated regulation of VEGF through HIF1alpha and XBP1 signaling pathway: An insight from ARPE-19 cell and streptozotocin mediated diabetic rat model.
Breakdown of outer blood-retina barrier (BRB) has been associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) might play a detrimental role in the pathogenesis of DME, a ma.....